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[Music - Bikini
Kill, "Rebel Girl"]

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- [Rebecca] The most
outrageous girl in my college class

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was Constance Adams.

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She became a space architect.

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She designed spaceships
that could get us to Mars,

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buildings for once we got there,

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and entire habitats
for deep space.

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- I'm Constance Adams,
I'm a space architect

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and a National Geographic
Emerging Explorer.

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My job is to design vehicles
and habitats for people

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to explore the stars.

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- [Narrator] Constance
Adams has designed habitats

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for deep space travel,
for the surface of Mars,

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and for Earth orbit.

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- [David] Including
the first human-rated

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inflatable spacecraft,

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a vehicle architecture for
X-38 crew return vehicle,

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and an orbital space plane.

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- Doing kitchens and bathrooms

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for the stars isn't gonna
work for me, y'know?

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I need to do
something I care about.

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My baby wants to
talk on the phone.

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Can you say hello?

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- Hi, welcome to
"The Space Show."

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♪ When she walks ♪

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♪ The revolution's coming ♪

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♪ In her kiss, I
taste the revolution ♪

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♪ Rebel girl ♪

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- All the separate
pieces of this planet

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that is our mothership
work together in ways

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that are extraordinarily complex.

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If we are collectively
going to turn around

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the juggernaut of climate
change that we're on,

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then we have to figure out
how complex interactions work

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and really apply them in design.

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♪ I really like you,
I really wanna be ♪

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♪ Your best friend,
be my rebel girl ♪

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[texting sound effects]

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[tense string music]

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- [Rebecca] In the lifetime
since we had first met,

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I knew that Constance
had become an architect

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and a revolutionary thinker

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always driven by the question,
what do humans truly need?

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Now, confronting her own death,

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I want to know what
she's discovered.

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Our time together would be short,

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and we had a lot
of ground to cover.

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- I'm gonna do exactly
what you asked me to do.

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I'm gonna let the camera
roll, and ask you questions.

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- Yeah, absolutely.

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- Did you always want
to be a space architect?

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- No, not at all.

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Most of my background
before coming to NASA

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was very humanistic and very
much about human behavior

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and how we build on Earth
and why and what we do.

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I had just gone off and spent
two years in Japan, you know,

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on my own working
for Kenzo Tange.

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[dynamic instrumental music]

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I saw all the news that
was coming out of Berlin.

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I'm like, got to go there.

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So I got on a plane and
went to Berlin for four years,

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and people thought I was nuts.

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I came back to the
States and they were like,

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"Well, you're gonna
settle down now, right?

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And I'm like, I
don't feel the wave.

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I was interviewing in
Houston, like, you know,

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local firms, and thinking,
this is not the town for me.

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But while I'm here, let's
go see the Space Center.

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And you get on that
trolley car and these people

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are just talking about Mars.

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It's like the little old
Moon that we already did,

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now we're going to Mars.

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And I'm like,
people think I'm nuts.

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You know, this is the thing!

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I sent a resume,

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and I get an email one day

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from some guy whose
email address ends nasa.gov.

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And I'm like, ahhhh!

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He says, "Does this
job still appeal to you?"

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And I'm like, "Yes!"

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Send! Send!

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I got right onto
new project teams.

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That's like the holy grail.

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These are my notebooks.

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Everything I do, I keep a
notebook at the same time,

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which a lot of architects do.

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I think it's important that I
got the dates on every page

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so that people can go
back and know when exactly

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we made this decision and
who was involved in this and that.

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- [Rebecca] "I've
been assigned to a

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"Mars life support test
project called the Bioplex,

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"as part of the Human
Research and Support Team.

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"My specific assignment
is to find a way of fitting all

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"the necessary
equipment inside five

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"interconnected metal cans,

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"each 15 feet wide
and 37 feet long,

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"where a crew of four
will grow food plants,

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"recycle air waste and
water for up to 425 days,

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"right here on the back 40
of Johnson Space Center.

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"Working with psychologists,
psychiatrists, flight surgeons,

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"astronauts and engineers
of all different stripes,

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"I find myself thinking more
fundamentally than I ever

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"have about what it really
means to be a human being

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"and what humans need
from their environment.

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"I've decided to perform
extensive interviews

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"with previous generations
of astronauts in hopes

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"that I can quantify
what I'm learning.

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"Variations in layout,
lighting, room temperature

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"and acoustics wildly
impact individual

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"and group performance.

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"All astronauts agree that
family dinner is very important.

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"So, we have to
have a dining room.

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"We now have a more
rigorous understanding

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"of the relationship between
architecture and behavior."

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Bioplex is a prototype.

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How will human needs change
once this moves to outer space?

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- So I want to be a
little more specific.

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I think the most important
fundamental difference,

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that really will gobsmack
you if you go into it,

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is gravity.

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Without gravity, way more
things change than you think.

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And without a clear
sense of up and down,

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it's not just how we get
dressed that changes.

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It's how we think about things.

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I mean, everyone
thinks in hierarchies,

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but a vertical hierarchy is
meaningless in microgravity.

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And so now we have to
understand which principles

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are core principles
that we need to keep,

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and how we translate them

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into microgravity environments,
orbital environments,

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and then of course other planets.

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[gentle classical music]
[airplane engine whirring]

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- On the perimeter!

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- That is the right one.

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- The one with the
free hinge is the best.

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- Yeah.
- It means it's free.

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- Yeah.

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- When this happens you
can very easily press it.

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- Sit down, coming out.

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- [Rebecca] "NASA will
begin applying this knowledge

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"to a new Mars analog, the
International Space Station.

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"The arrival of its first
crew marks the beginning

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"of a continuous human
presence in space."

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- Never in history
have 15 nations

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contributed together
billions of dollars

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to build a science
platform no one owns.

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Groups of engineers
who have all agreed

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about functionality and
budgets and commitments

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control everything
about that space station.

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- [Rebecca] So Space Station
would be the testing ground

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for your next project,

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an inflatable spacecraft
for Mars that involved

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a really radical
rethinking of materials.

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- The big project
I got to work on

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was TransHab, which is
an inflatable spacecraft.

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- [Rebecca] "TransHab
is a prototype

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"for an entirely new
type of spacecraft

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"not only for Space Station,

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"but also for long-duration
missions to Mars.

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[gentle classical music]

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"The TransHab project
is intended to prove

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"that an inflatable module
can be used in place

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"of the hard-shell module
originally proposed.

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"The Russians have been
trying to solve this problem.

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"The Europeans have been
trying to solve this problem.

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"The Japanese have been
trying to solve this problem

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"for years, and we solved it.

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"Doctor William Schneider

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"and space architect Chris
Kennedy led the core team

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"of half a dozen
engineers and me."

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- I remember working
with TransHab team,

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and I had this basket that
my grandmother had given me

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that was woven by
the Coushatta Indians

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out of pine needles,

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and they kept developing
different versions of the weave

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for the pressure
shell in the TransHab.

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It kept blowing up.

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And then they finally came up

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with a weave that, you know,

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damned if it didn't look
exactly like that basket.

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And it worked.

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In fact, we broke the test stand.

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What I find interesting is
that the further along we go

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in developing new
materials and looking at

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what's sustainable
in the long run,

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the closer we get to the stuff

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that our great great
grandparents used.

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- [Rebecca] You're
thinking about something

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in a different way than
I've ever seen an architect

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or an engineer think.

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- And let me tell you,
this is really high tech.

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Okay?

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How the threads move
together against each other

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to resist load and to form shape.

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Right? I mean,
this is a big deal.

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We don't think of it that way

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because we've been doing
it for thousands of years.

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And it's women's work, right?
So what makes that important?

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I mean, forget about it.

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- [Rebecca] "For the
interior of TransHab,

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"the engineers had started
with a horizontal design,

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"but it was clear

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"that it really wasn't
going to do the trick.

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"It sacrificed too
many of the things

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"that the astronauts
said they needed.

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"Finally I said, 'Listen,
let's try a vertical version.

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"Let's do what we came here to do

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"and try something
completely new.'

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"So, I just started drawing.

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"First a dining room
and kitchen areas.

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"Second, sleeping
quarters for a crew of six.

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"Third, the exercise,
showering, and sickbay areas.

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"TransHab was both habitat
and complete ecosystem.

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"What I learned was how
to work across disciplines

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"to break new ground.

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"Both the engineers
and the architects had to

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"come at the problem with
a real spirit of neutrality.

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"If they were coaxed
or pushed in any way,

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"they would have resisted,

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"and we never would
have gotten there."

00:12:37.030 --> 00:12:40.546
[gentle instrumental music]

00:12:40.546 --> 00:12:42.671
[keyboard clicking]

00:12:48.540 --> 00:12:50.040
- [Reporter] The
International Space Station

00:12:50.040 --> 00:12:53.490
attached its first inflatable
room on Saturday.

00:12:53.490 --> 00:12:55.650
Its expandable design represents

00:12:55.650 --> 00:12:59.763
a crucial step toward future
missions to Mars and beyond.

00:13:03.600 --> 00:13:05.936
- [Rebecca] Technologies
created for TransHab

00:13:05.936 --> 00:13:08.610
have seen some
real-world benefits.

00:13:08.610 --> 00:13:10.920
- Oh, I'm sorry, I
need my oxygen.

00:13:10.920 --> 00:13:13.267
- Yeah it's right
here. Yup, gotcha.

00:13:13.267 --> 00:13:14.767
- There we go.
- Okay.

00:13:16.244 --> 00:13:18.994
[oxygen tank hissing]

00:13:21.110 --> 00:13:22.833
- Is this the...?
- It's fine.

00:13:24.990 --> 00:13:26.986
- Okay? Yep.

00:13:26.986 --> 00:13:28.530
- The LED is a big story.

00:13:28.530 --> 00:13:32.790
TransHab's purpose is to take
us between Earth and Mars.

00:13:32.790 --> 00:13:36.450
It's got a transit period
of about 180 days.

00:13:36.450 --> 00:13:37.283
And then, of course,

00:13:37.283 --> 00:13:40.050
it has to orbit Mars
during the entire mission,

00:13:40.050 --> 00:13:43.083
and then 180 days back.

00:13:43.083 --> 00:13:45.450
Well, that's a few years.

00:13:45.450 --> 00:13:48.520
And I really don't want
to bring spare toilet paper

00:13:48.520 --> 00:13:50.370
or light bulbs.

00:13:50.370 --> 00:13:53.970
Right now, our lights are
all shielded and very heavy

00:13:53.970 --> 00:13:57.240
and big, because they
have to withstand a kick load

00:13:57.240 --> 00:14:00.000
of 125 pounds, you know,

00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:02.820
because anyone might just
bump into it or kick off of it.

00:14:02.820 --> 00:14:07.820
And I need something that
uses as little energy as possible.

00:14:08.880 --> 00:14:11.755
One day I'm just drafting
up the crew quarters section

00:14:11.755 --> 00:14:13.260
a little bit, of TransHab,

00:14:13.260 --> 00:14:16.391
and this great guy Jim
Meida comes by and goes,

00:14:16.391 --> 00:14:19.830
"Hey, you know,
Philips just dropped

00:14:19.830 --> 00:14:23.880
"a two millimeter
diode, blue-white!"

00:14:23.880 --> 00:14:28.707
And I'm like, "What a big
day for you," you know?

00:14:30.030 --> 00:14:31.530
"Isn't that wonderful?"

00:14:31.530 --> 00:14:33.450
He looks at me and
he's like, "You're busy."

00:14:33.450 --> 00:14:35.640
I'm like, "Well..."

00:14:35.640 --> 00:14:38.430
"OK, I'll be down the hall in
Chuck Wheelwright's office."

00:14:38.430 --> 00:14:41.460
Chuck Wheelwright
designed every light fixture

00:14:41.460 --> 00:14:43.950
in American
spacecraft from Gemini

00:14:43.950 --> 00:14:45.060
through the space station.

00:14:45.060 --> 00:14:48.660
Okay, so Chuck's the guy.

00:14:48.660 --> 00:14:51.210
So I'm sitting there
and I'm, you know,

00:14:51.210 --> 00:14:55.080
drafting and I need to put,
I need to put a light in here.

00:14:55.080 --> 00:14:59.070
How big is this darn
thing supposed to be?

00:14:59.070 --> 00:15:03.033
And then suddenly
I'm like, diodes.

00:15:06.210 --> 00:15:07.353
Diodes.

00:15:08.490 --> 00:15:10.800
And it was one of those
moments where you, like,

00:15:10.800 --> 00:15:12.120
you hit control-save

00:15:12.120 --> 00:15:14.940
and you get your butt out of
the chair as fast as you can.

00:15:14.940 --> 00:15:17.071
I'm, like, skidding
around the corner

00:15:17.071 --> 00:15:20.160
and into Chuck's
office, and they're like,

00:15:20.160 --> 00:15:22.440
one of them says,
"Took you long enough."

00:15:22.440 --> 00:15:27.330
And the other one says,
"17 minutes." [laughs]

00:15:27.330 --> 00:15:28.163
Right?

00:15:28.163 --> 00:15:31.410
So, a little slow in the
rocket scientist level.

00:15:31.410 --> 00:15:35.895
And, he basically figured
out how to use many diodes

00:15:35.895 --> 00:15:40.080
and gang them together
to make a light fixture.

00:15:40.080 --> 00:15:43.051
They didn't use LEDs for
something like that, right?

00:15:43.051 --> 00:15:45.540
That was like a
little signal light,

00:15:45.540 --> 00:15:49.890
something you play
with robotics, electronics.

00:15:49.890 --> 00:15:54.890
It wasn't a common
household object.

00:15:55.050 --> 00:15:57.450
- [Rebecca] And now you
had a better way of controlling

00:15:57.450 --> 00:15:59.310
how light impacts wellness.

00:15:59.310 --> 00:16:00.143
- Yeah.

00:16:00.143 --> 00:16:02.640
On Space Station, the
sense of time is a crucial one

00:16:02.640 --> 00:16:03.630
to one's well-being

00:16:03.630 --> 00:16:06.600
because you orbit the
planet 16 times a day.

00:16:06.600 --> 00:16:09.180
That's a whole lot of
sunrises and sunsets,

00:16:09.180 --> 00:16:10.650
and they're beautiful,

00:16:10.650 --> 00:16:12.030
and after three or four days

00:16:12.030 --> 00:16:14.790
you're going crazy because
you don't know when to sleep.

00:16:14.790 --> 00:16:16.830
You have circadian rhythm issues.

00:16:16.830 --> 00:16:20.820
Pretty extreme when you're
going around the planet,

00:16:20.820 --> 00:16:22.770
you know, how many times a day.

00:16:22.770 --> 00:16:27.750
So the trick is to figure
out how to help people get

00:16:27.750 --> 00:16:32.220
a cue, right, as to
when you should eat,

00:16:32.220 --> 00:16:34.230
when you should go to sleep.

00:16:34.230 --> 00:16:37.500
Because for them, it's not
like being a few hours off.

00:16:37.500 --> 00:16:39.450
You're constantly off.

00:16:39.450 --> 00:16:42.540
So we did work on a
variation on these lights,

00:16:42.540 --> 00:16:44.643
because we can shift
the color temperature.

00:16:44.643 --> 00:16:47.931
So when the work-normal
lights came on,

00:16:47.931 --> 00:16:51.810
you would have a very
soft light, morning light.

00:16:51.810 --> 00:16:53.790
And then your sort of noon,

00:16:53.790 --> 00:16:56.550
your brighter noon lights
and then your afternoon.

00:16:56.550 --> 00:17:01.253
So, the light is cycling
through a familiar cycle.

00:17:02.220 --> 00:17:04.473
And did she bring
you the prototype?

00:17:06.390 --> 00:17:10.450
There's Velcro on the
back so you can mount it.

00:17:10.450 --> 00:17:12.050
And see it's funny little teeth.

00:17:12.900 --> 00:17:14.760
- Funny little teeth?
- Well, because they're all

00:17:14.760 --> 00:17:15.593
a little bit wacky.

00:17:15.593 --> 00:17:17.417
You know, we made them by hand.

00:17:17.417 --> 00:17:20.563
- Oh, there we go. Bright!

00:17:20.563 --> 00:17:22.050
- [Rebecca] That's pretty
nifty, and it is very bright.

00:17:22.050 --> 00:17:24.890
- [Voiceover] Worldwide,
lighting accounts for almost 25%

00:17:24.890 --> 00:17:27.043
of all electricity consumption

00:17:27.043 --> 00:17:28.950
and 6% of greenhouse
gas emissions.

00:17:28.950 --> 00:17:31.620
LED bulbs use about
75% less energy

00:17:31.620 --> 00:17:35.760
than incandescent lighting
and last up to 25 times longer.

00:17:35.760 --> 00:17:37.803
Investment in LED
lighting could have

00:17:37.803 --> 00:17:41.370
dramatic consequences
for energy savings globally.

00:17:41.370 --> 00:17:43.500
- [Rebecca] And this led
to a series of collaborations

00:17:43.500 --> 00:17:46.308
on spin-offs for use on Earth.

00:17:46.308 --> 00:17:50.730
- Well, there are so many things

00:17:50.730 --> 00:17:54.840
I had to invent in order to
get to the thing I needed.

00:17:54.840 --> 00:17:59.730
And they're just sitting
there in folders and boxes.

00:17:59.730 --> 00:18:01.530
People are gonna have a
hard time even figuring out

00:18:01.530 --> 00:18:02.733
what half of it is.

00:18:03.960 --> 00:18:06.660
I put together a
project a few years ago

00:18:06.660 --> 00:18:08.812
with a senior water
policy advisor at the UNDP

00:18:08.812 --> 00:18:10.770
that we called
Water for Two Worlds

00:18:10.770 --> 00:18:13.080
with the European
Space Agency, NASA,

00:18:13.080 --> 00:18:16.082
and some NGOs in
developing a container

00:18:16.082 --> 00:18:19.590
of specialized bacteria
in order just to make sure

00:18:19.590 --> 00:18:21.790
that there's potable
water in the household.

00:18:25.170 --> 00:18:27.570
Materials is something
that we've actually learned

00:18:27.570 --> 00:18:31.260
a lot more about from NASA
than most people are aware.

00:18:31.260 --> 00:18:32.673
Plastics, for example.

00:18:33.840 --> 00:18:36.360
The Nest Egg was a birdhouse
project that we did using

00:18:36.360 --> 00:18:38.673
the cornstarch-based plastic.

00:18:41.490 --> 00:18:44.358
What we're trying to do
with Houze is find ways of

00:18:44.358 --> 00:18:48.900
developing zero energy
residences that are affordable.

00:18:48.900 --> 00:18:51.180
We develop electricity
to support the house,

00:18:51.180 --> 00:18:53.730
and then all of the
electricity the cell produces

00:18:53.730 --> 00:18:55.440
we sell back to the power grid,

00:18:55.440 --> 00:18:57.030
which makes it a
reasonable business case.

00:18:57.030 --> 00:18:58.080
And this is the
challenge, you know,

00:18:58.080 --> 00:19:01.991
is making these big ideas
practical and palatable

00:19:01.991 --> 00:19:06.153
and elegant such that
they are easily adopted.

00:19:08.160 --> 00:19:09.960
- Space architecture
was really starting

00:19:09.960 --> 00:19:13.440
to shape our future,
not only in space,

00:19:13.440 --> 00:19:15.900
but here on Earth as well.

00:19:15.900 --> 00:19:17.790
But you were concerned
that we apply this in ways

00:19:17.790 --> 00:19:22.110
that were responsible and
ethical, thinking long range.

00:19:22.110 --> 00:19:24.000
- When you're a good driver

00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:26.189
you don't look at the
road right in front of you,

00:19:26.189 --> 00:19:29.430
because then you're
constantly correcting, right?

00:19:29.430 --> 00:19:30.450
When you're a good driver,

00:19:30.450 --> 00:19:32.070
you look as far ahead

00:19:32.070 --> 00:19:34.884
as you can possibly
see along your trajectory.

00:19:34.884 --> 00:19:38.491
And the same should
be true of innovation.

00:19:38.491 --> 00:19:42.483
I wasn't looking at
household objects.

00:19:43.320 --> 00:19:44.870
I was looking at going to Mars.

00:19:47.004 --> 00:19:50.029
[rhythmic instrumental music]

00:19:52.320 --> 00:19:55.470
- [Rebecca] In 2002,
you brought together

00:19:55.470 --> 00:19:59.940
47 space architects
and engineers worldwide,

00:19:59.940 --> 00:20:02.460
the best and the brightest
working in the field,

00:20:02.460 --> 00:20:05.493
to define this new discipline.

00:20:08.250 --> 00:20:11.820
This was a diverse group
of really talented thinkers

00:20:11.820 --> 00:20:14.703
who had a profound
technical knowledge as well.

00:20:20.970 --> 00:20:22.095
The result was the

00:20:22.095 --> 00:20:24.630
Millennium Charter
for Space Architecture.

00:20:24.630 --> 00:20:27.746
It detailed what humans
truly need on any planet,

00:20:27.746 --> 00:20:30.873
in outer space, or here on Earth.

00:20:34.590 --> 00:20:38.310
And not only from a
survival perspective,

00:20:38.310 --> 00:20:40.260
but from an
organizational perspective

00:20:40.260 --> 00:20:43.290
and a philosophical
perspective as well.

00:20:43.290 --> 00:20:45.720
- [Constance] Yeah,
these are huge questions,

00:20:45.720 --> 00:20:47.040
each and every one of them.

00:20:47.040 --> 00:20:48.060
And this is where you see

00:20:48.060 --> 00:20:50.789
the sociology background mingling

00:20:50.789 --> 00:20:52.953
with the design background.

00:20:53.850 --> 00:20:55.830
- [Rebecca] It was time
to share your findings

00:20:55.830 --> 00:20:57.960
with a wider audience.

00:20:57.960 --> 00:21:01.290
- In 2005, I had the
honor of being invited

00:21:01.290 --> 00:21:04.260
to be a National Geographic
Emerging Explorer.

00:21:04.260 --> 00:21:05.460
I'm Constance Adams,

00:21:05.460 --> 00:21:07.530
I'm a National Geographic
Emerging Explorer

00:21:07.530 --> 00:21:08.730
and a space architect.

00:21:08.730 --> 00:21:11.040
I'm here today to
encourage girls to follow

00:21:11.040 --> 00:21:13.380
their passions and stay in STEM.

00:21:13.380 --> 00:21:16.620
We've got some challenges,
and we need everybody

00:21:16.620 --> 00:21:20.481
on the team pitching in to
help solve these problems.

00:21:20.481 --> 00:21:23.489
[contemplative
instrumental music]

00:21:27.377 --> 00:21:29.670
[audience applauding]

00:21:29.670 --> 00:21:32.667
Going to Mars I'm behind,

00:21:32.667 --> 00:21:33.870
mainly from the
point of view of A,

00:21:33.870 --> 00:21:37.110
what we would learn
in general, and B,

00:21:37.110 --> 00:21:39.439
our being able to
learn to live sustainably

00:21:39.439 --> 00:21:41.370
on this fabulous planet.

00:21:41.370 --> 00:21:43.503
- So space for Earth.
- Space for Earth.

00:21:44.545 --> 00:21:47.712
[audience applauding]

00:21:49.440 --> 00:21:52.650
- Your next big idea was
the Mothership concept.

00:21:52.650 --> 00:21:55.050
You're collaborating on
a spaceport for humans

00:21:55.050 --> 00:21:57.240
to leave Earth, and
you start to think about

00:21:57.240 --> 00:22:00.510
the primal relationship
between humans and the planet

00:22:00.510 --> 00:22:01.620
that created us.

00:22:01.620 --> 00:22:03.660
- This was the spaceport
terminal that we did

00:22:03.660 --> 00:22:06.600
with Norman Foster
for Virgin Galactic.

00:22:06.600 --> 00:22:10.500
Basically, what we came up
with was a good belly button.

00:22:10.500 --> 00:22:12.750
The "omphalos"
is Greek for navel.

00:22:12.750 --> 00:22:14.220
And thinking about
it in the big picture,

00:22:14.220 --> 00:22:17.163
developing a spaceport,
you're sending people off

00:22:17.163 --> 00:22:18.780
from the planet.

00:22:18.780 --> 00:22:20.670
Now these people are
going to come right back,

00:22:20.670 --> 00:22:23.310
but someday they won't.

00:22:23.310 --> 00:22:27.480
And those are going to be
really emotionally powerful

00:22:27.480 --> 00:22:30.513
and culturally powerful places,

00:22:30.513 --> 00:22:34.508
the place from which we
departed the mothership.

00:22:36.930 --> 00:22:39.390
- [Rebecca] You've called
Earth the mothership,

00:22:39.390 --> 00:22:41.310
the creator of life.

00:22:41.310 --> 00:22:44.340
- It is the mothership.
- And now you had a new love

00:22:44.340 --> 00:22:46.020
for what our planet could do.

00:22:46.020 --> 00:22:48.783
- Well, what's not to love?

00:22:49.620 --> 00:22:52.083
I mean, planet
Earth is so incredible.

00:22:53.778 --> 00:22:55.920
- [Rebecca] What's
incredible about planet Earth?

00:22:55.920 --> 00:23:00.500
- The biosphere,
in just this very thin

00:23:00.500 --> 00:23:03.575
sliver, mind you,
of climatic balance,

00:23:04.590 --> 00:23:06.420
is so beautiful.

00:23:06.420 --> 00:23:10.770
You know, all the interchanging
interplay of elements,

00:23:10.770 --> 00:23:14.010
the way everything sort
of interacts in a clean way.

00:23:14.010 --> 00:23:17.700
If you follow the natural
process through anything,

00:23:17.700 --> 00:23:19.890
a pregnancy, for example.

00:23:19.890 --> 00:23:23.670
It's amazing how our bodies
are designed to handle, okay,

00:23:23.670 --> 00:23:27.570
in this phase, I'm
going to feel sick as shit,

00:23:27.570 --> 00:23:31.823
because this is when the
nerve endings and the neurons

00:23:31.823 --> 00:23:33.540
are being formed.

00:23:33.540 --> 00:23:37.710
So I cannot drink
coffee or, you know,

00:23:37.710 --> 00:23:39.390
eat, like, whatever it is.

00:23:39.390 --> 00:23:41.948
All the stuff that
you're sick over

00:23:41.948 --> 00:23:46.932
in your first trimester
prevents you from doing harm.

00:23:49.463 --> 00:23:53.029
[contemplative
instrumental music]

00:24:00.120 --> 00:24:03.545
You know, the whole process
and then the actual birth,

00:24:03.545 --> 00:24:06.180
and then nursing afterwards.

00:24:06.180 --> 00:24:08.670
It's amazing to watch how
quickly the body is designed

00:24:08.670 --> 00:24:12.993
to recover if you
do it nature's way.

00:24:14.850 --> 00:24:16.530
- [Rebecca] "Dear Mathilde,

00:24:16.530 --> 00:24:18.450
"I'll never forget
your birthing cry

00:24:18.450 --> 00:24:21.720
"as you tried out your
lungs for the first time.

00:24:21.720 --> 00:24:24.016
"It's amazing how
fast we learn to breathe

00:24:24.016 --> 00:24:26.149
"and use our voices.

00:24:28.410 --> 00:24:32.160
"I've traded in my BMW
and bought a red Volvo.

00:24:32.160 --> 00:24:33.750
"It ain't no German roadster,

00:24:33.750 --> 00:24:38.493
"but it sure is a snappy car
and safe for both our sakes.

00:24:40.590 --> 00:24:42.240
"This is the house
I bought three days

00:24:42.240 --> 00:24:43.713
"before you were conceived.

00:24:46.800 --> 00:24:49.830
"I fell in love with a
wonderful man last year.

00:24:49.830 --> 00:24:53.436
"But he didn't love me the
same way, so we didn't marry.

00:24:55.440 --> 00:24:57.633
"What he did do was
help me have you.

00:24:58.560 --> 00:25:01.620
"I'm so sad to not
have a daddy for you,

00:25:01.620 --> 00:25:04.023
"and a lover and a
partner for myself."

00:25:05.880 --> 00:25:07.260
- [Rebecca] There's
often a perception

00:25:07.260 --> 00:25:09.450
that women can't
successfully juggle

00:25:09.450 --> 00:25:12.120
a high achieving
career and children.

00:25:12.120 --> 00:25:13.470
Did you ever feel that way?

00:25:15.030 --> 00:25:16.171
- Why?

00:25:18.420 --> 00:25:20.193
It's a natural process.

00:25:21.420 --> 00:25:25.320
It helps to inform me
about a number of things,

00:25:25.320 --> 00:25:30.270
about transactional modes
between people and--

00:25:30.270 --> 00:25:32.970
well, and basic biological ideas.

00:25:32.970 --> 00:25:36.690
You know, managing a
toddler is a wonderful cue card

00:25:36.690 --> 00:25:38.253
to managing a manager.

00:25:40.740 --> 00:25:42.220
Just sayin'.

00:25:43.680 --> 00:25:44.996
- [Rebecca] "Dear Valerie,

00:25:45.838 --> 00:25:47.721
"Mathilde has been
such a big help to me

00:25:47.721 --> 00:25:50.850
"in choosing fabric and
making your quilt for your crib.

00:25:50.850 --> 00:25:53.973
"I think she'll be an extremely
loving big sister to you.

00:25:55.740 --> 00:25:59.163
"Remember, we are stewards
of all that is around us.

00:26:00.780 --> 00:26:03.300
"We are responsible for
the land, and it's our duty

00:26:03.300 --> 00:26:04.893
"to learn how to care for it.

00:26:07.020 --> 00:26:08.580
"That means we do not own it,

00:26:08.580 --> 00:26:11.253
"and we do not have the
luxury of simply enjoying it.

00:26:14.040 --> 00:26:16.953
"I don't know how to
teach you this, but I will try.

00:26:23.190 --> 00:26:25.050
"Dear Mathilde and Valerie,

00:26:25.050 --> 00:26:28.140
"An enormous hurricane
named Ike swept in off the

00:26:28.140 --> 00:26:31.650
"Gulf of Mexico and drove
inland to the center of Houston.

00:26:31.650 --> 00:26:34.290
"We covered our windows
with plywood and rode out

00:26:34.290 --> 00:26:37.458
"the storm at home,
but it was brutal.

00:26:37.458 --> 00:26:40.375
[thunder rumbling]

00:26:42.150 --> 00:26:45.840
"Storms like Ike will only
continue to grow in number.

00:26:45.840 --> 00:26:48.810
"You and your generation
will badly need to understand

00:26:48.810 --> 00:26:51.300
"how to get clean water and food,

00:26:51.300 --> 00:26:55.113
"and how to foster community
through sanity and generosity.

00:26:56.670 --> 00:27:00.537
"And you will need to be
prepared to terraform Mars."

00:27:00.537 --> 00:27:04.037
[ominous droning music]

00:27:06.030 --> 00:27:08.430
In order for Mars
to sustain life,

00:27:08.430 --> 00:27:11.550
NASA was studying
how Earth sustains life,

00:27:11.550 --> 00:27:14.520
and in that process
discovered a climate change

00:27:14.520 --> 00:27:16.140
was taking place.

00:27:16.140 --> 00:27:18.148
- We've been
watching it for years.

00:27:23.460 --> 00:27:26.980
The planet's body has
been correcting for our insults

00:27:27.960 --> 00:27:30.311
for a loooong time.

00:27:32.850 --> 00:27:35.550
It's out of juice.

00:27:35.550 --> 00:27:38.130
- [Rebecca] When did
you realize that something

00:27:38.130 --> 00:27:39.720
was wrong with your own health?

00:27:39.720 --> 00:27:41.670
- I didn't realize
something was wrong.

00:27:41.670 --> 00:27:43.140
I was great.

00:27:43.140 --> 00:27:46.392
I was tired, but, you know,

00:27:46.392 --> 00:27:49.200
a post-50 menopausal single mom,

00:27:49.200 --> 00:27:50.600
I mean, of course I'm tired.

00:27:55.020 --> 00:27:58.440
And they show you these
scans where the metastases

00:27:58.440 --> 00:28:00.390
is in the lungs and in the liver,

00:28:00.390 --> 00:28:02.550
and here's the main tumor,

00:28:02.550 --> 00:28:05.910
and you're just like, wait,

00:28:05.910 --> 00:28:08.823
this is what could happen, right?

00:28:09.870 --> 00:28:11.013
"No."

00:28:12.420 --> 00:28:14.250
I mean, like out of nowhere,

00:28:14.250 --> 00:28:19.250
I am fine and making all
kinds of plans, and then boom.

00:28:20.100 --> 00:28:21.630
Time for chemo.

00:28:24.660 --> 00:28:26.610
But at that stage, already,

00:28:26.610 --> 00:28:28.620
it was pretty much known

00:28:28.620 --> 00:28:32.280
chemo at best could
buy me some extra time.

00:28:32.280 --> 00:28:34.083
- I didn't realize that.
- Yeah.

00:28:35.297 --> 00:28:38.430
[somber ambient music]

00:28:41.400 --> 00:28:42.363
I'm crashing.

00:28:48.596 --> 00:28:51.729
[somber ambient music]

00:29:09.990 --> 00:29:11.550
- [Rebecca] You have
a body of work that's still

00:29:11.550 --> 00:29:15.099
in progress, and you're not
going to be able to finish it.

00:29:15.099 --> 00:29:17.855
Tell me about the
Mothership Project.

00:29:17.855 --> 00:29:21.030
- It was right after
I got my diagnosis,

00:29:21.030 --> 00:29:25.383
and I sat down thinking
about, wow, I'm leaving my kids.

00:29:27.090 --> 00:29:29.310
And I sort of snapped
suddenly that the work

00:29:29.310 --> 00:29:32.103
I'd been doing wasn't for Mars.

00:29:33.990 --> 00:29:36.213
That the work I was
doing was for Earth.

00:29:37.800 --> 00:29:42.800
We face a huge
climate wave that could

00:29:42.805 --> 00:29:45.270
wipe out the human race.

00:29:45.270 --> 00:29:46.983
We need at least a plan.

00:29:47.970 --> 00:29:51.090
This is what needs
to be accomplished.

00:29:51.090 --> 00:29:53.880
- [Rebecca] So now, your
entire life's work has led you

00:29:53.880 --> 00:29:56.100
to writing this document.

00:29:56.100 --> 00:29:57.600
"The Mothership Project,

00:29:57.600 --> 00:30:00.300
"Blueprint for
Climate Adaptation.

00:30:00.300 --> 00:30:02.253
"Volume One, Principles.

00:30:04.530 --> 00:30:07.170
"The Mothership Project
is a plan for sustaining

00:30:07.170 --> 00:30:09.693
"life on Earth in the face
of extreme climate change.

00:30:11.550 --> 00:30:13.890
"Under current
worst-case assumptions,

00:30:13.890 --> 00:30:16.680
"it has been asserted that
the current climatic crash,

00:30:16.680 --> 00:30:19.700
"if unchecked, may result
in the extinction of up to 80%

00:30:19.700 --> 00:30:21.933
"of all species by
the end of the century.

00:30:24.510 --> 00:30:26.973
"This document represents
a collaborative effort.

00:30:28.500 --> 00:30:32.190
"Climate shifts will
stress resource availability

00:30:32.190 --> 00:30:35.130
"and destabilize the basic
assumptions underlying

00:30:35.130 --> 00:30:36.690
"the global economy."

00:30:36.690 --> 00:30:39.912
- Different areas
are going to have

00:30:39.912 --> 00:30:44.304
variable climate
issues on their crops

00:30:44.304 --> 00:30:47.670
and production of various kinds.

00:30:47.670 --> 00:30:52.560
The reliance that we've
had on steady supplies is one

00:30:52.560 --> 00:30:55.533
of the main bases
for nation-states.

00:30:56.370 --> 00:30:59.160
You know, all these
big alliances can happen

00:30:59.160 --> 00:31:01.440
because we're all trading.

00:31:01.440 --> 00:31:03.780
That's gonna start breaking down.

00:31:03.780 --> 00:31:07.140
And we're already starting
to see Europe is starting

00:31:07.140 --> 00:31:08.430
to come apart,

00:31:08.430 --> 00:31:10.630
what's going on with
our federal government.

00:31:11.550 --> 00:31:14.820
A third of the planet is
gonna be people trying

00:31:14.820 --> 00:31:17.460
to go other places
than where they are,

00:31:17.460 --> 00:31:19.230
or they won't survive.

00:31:19.230 --> 00:31:21.055
Where do they go?

00:31:22.473 --> 00:31:24.390
We're still so tribal.

00:31:24.390 --> 00:31:27.723
It's very, very hard
for humankind to say,

00:31:27.723 --> 00:31:29.400
"Sure, come on in!

00:31:29.400 --> 00:31:32.340
"Oh, 300,000? No problem."

00:31:32.340 --> 00:31:36.360
You know, I mean, I would
have a problem with it.

00:31:36.360 --> 00:31:38.280
- [Rebecca] "A
parallel shift in social

00:31:38.280 --> 00:31:41.160
"and political structures,
and by extension

00:31:41.160 --> 00:31:45.000
"authority and governance,
will follow close behind."

00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:46.980
- I think we're gonna
see a regression

00:31:46.980 --> 00:31:49.983
to a sort of city-state.

00:31:50.903 --> 00:31:53.490
Like, the healthiest
move would be now

00:31:53.490 --> 00:31:58.440
for municipalities,
townships, counties

00:31:58.440 --> 00:32:01.410
to start coming up
with their own answer

00:32:01.410 --> 00:32:06.410
to Social Security, their
own answer to power,

00:32:06.690 --> 00:32:09.840
their own infrastructure
in whatever way they can,

00:32:09.840 --> 00:32:11.220
their own approach to

00:32:11.220 --> 00:32:16.220
local business development,
because we'll survive

00:32:16.320 --> 00:32:18.228
if we do that, you know,

00:32:18.228 --> 00:32:19.380
in our little groups,

00:32:19.380 --> 00:32:21.333
wherever it is
that we're healthy.

00:32:22.170 --> 00:32:24.090
- [Rebecca] "Now,
the question comes up:

00:32:24.090 --> 00:32:28.200
"WHO is going to do this and
HOW are we going to do this?

00:32:28.200 --> 00:32:30.741
"Using the working models
that we had at NASA,

00:32:30.741 --> 00:32:33.210
"we will bring together
the best and brightest

00:32:33.210 --> 00:32:34.773
"from diverse disciplines.

00:32:35.700 --> 00:32:39.360
"Right now, there are
research institutions, NGOs,

00:32:39.360 --> 00:32:42.330
"national and international
planning organizations,

00:32:42.330 --> 00:32:46.170
"climatologists, glaciologists,
geologists, geographers,

00:32:46.170 --> 00:32:49.500
"environmental biologists,
economic historians

00:32:49.500 --> 00:32:51.750
"and critical policy experts,

00:32:51.750 --> 00:32:52.950
"big data engineers

00:32:52.950 --> 00:32:55.140
"and political
theorists, arts curators,

00:32:55.140 --> 00:32:56.613
"and spiritual leaders.

00:32:58.320 --> 00:33:00.810
"Let's bring them all together.

00:33:00.810 --> 00:33:03.030
"With the leadership
of these teams,

00:33:03.030 --> 00:33:05.670
"we will adapt
sustainability practices to life

00:33:05.670 --> 00:33:10.260
"on Earth now and for
the projected generations,

00:33:10.260 --> 00:33:13.200
"and to create the
possibility of thriving.

00:33:13.200 --> 00:33:15.270
"If we start applying
these principles

00:33:15.270 --> 00:33:17.400
"to Earth's climate
collapse problem,

00:33:17.400 --> 00:33:19.200
"we can help make it manageable."

00:33:19.200 --> 00:33:20.460
- So, it's very clear

00:33:20.460 --> 00:33:22.650
that we need more
different minds.

00:33:22.650 --> 00:33:27.120
We know in any room at
NASA that more different people

00:33:27.120 --> 00:33:29.820
in the room contributes
more to the conversation.

00:33:29.820 --> 00:33:33.210
So what we need is for
experts in each of these fields

00:33:33.210 --> 00:33:35.160
to get involved, you know,

00:33:35.160 --> 00:33:37.150
and flesh out the questions

00:33:37.150 --> 00:33:40.773
so that we can then start
planning to answer them.

00:33:42.660 --> 00:33:45.330
- [Rebecca] Collective action
on this scale is pretty rare.

00:33:45.330 --> 00:33:47.820
Is there a precedent
for something like this?

00:33:47.820 --> 00:33:49.264
- Well, yeah.

00:33:49.264 --> 00:33:50.747
The space race.

00:33:51.962 --> 00:33:54.540
[gentle instrumental
music] [rocket booster firing]

00:33:54.540 --> 00:33:56.220
The Apollo program

00:33:56.220 --> 00:33:58.980
was an enormous statement
about what we felt we were

00:33:58.980 --> 00:34:00.600
about at that time.

00:34:00.600 --> 00:34:02.220
Kennedy had promised us this,

00:34:02.220 --> 00:34:04.980
but it only really mattered
because we bought into it

00:34:04.980 --> 00:34:05.930
and we believed it.

00:34:06.780 --> 00:34:08.940
You know how many Americans
were employed at that time

00:34:08.940 --> 00:34:10.263
by the space program?

00:34:11.456 --> 00:34:13.507
400,000.

00:34:14.664 --> 00:34:18.570
And, the things that we were
inventing in order to solve

00:34:18.570 --> 00:34:21.450
this completely unique
problem basically fueled most

00:34:21.450 --> 00:34:24.240
of our economy for the
past four or five decades.

00:34:24.240 --> 00:34:28.057
We get communications,
we get the internet,

00:34:28.913 --> 00:34:30.960
we get software.

00:34:30.960 --> 00:34:33.900
What do we do next?
What is the next thing?

00:34:33.900 --> 00:34:36.900
How are we going to
conduct great projects?

00:34:36.900 --> 00:34:40.017
How are we going to
project what we believe

00:34:40.017 --> 00:34:43.953
ourselves to be about,
at a historical scale,

00:34:45.102 --> 00:34:47.060
into our economy
and into the world?

00:34:48.660 --> 00:34:49.493
- Boy...

00:34:51.660 --> 00:34:53.160
[Walter Kronkite]
Armstrong is on the moon.

00:34:53.160 --> 00:34:57.923
Neil Armstrong, on
this July 20th, 1969.

00:34:58.977 --> 00:35:02.173
- [Neil Armstrong] That's
one small step for man.

00:35:02.173 --> 00:35:04.830
One giant leap for mankind.

00:35:04.830 --> 00:35:05.730
- [Rebecca] So it seems like

00:35:05.730 --> 00:35:07.590
the space race
fundamentally changed

00:35:07.590 --> 00:35:10.110
how we see ourselves
and our planet,

00:35:10.110 --> 00:35:11.580
and you're thinking
that we can use

00:35:11.580 --> 00:35:14.370
the same kind of ingenuity
to fight climate change?

00:35:14.370 --> 00:35:16.230
- [Constance] Oh my God, yes.

00:35:16.230 --> 00:35:17.793
But, we have to start.

00:35:18.990 --> 00:35:21.103
This is planet A.

00:35:21.103 --> 00:35:23.377
It's the only planet
that works for us.

00:35:24.420 --> 00:35:28.050
Never assume that we could
get Mars up to speed in time

00:35:28.050 --> 00:35:29.553
for people to move there.

00:35:30.480 --> 00:35:32.266
It's not even close.

00:35:37.890 --> 00:35:39.330
- [Rebecca] You have
such a deep appreciation

00:35:39.330 --> 00:35:43.440
for this planet, but as a
species we've really screwed up.

00:35:43.440 --> 00:35:46.312
We could be facing extinction.

00:35:46.312 --> 00:35:48.180
And you're offering hope.

00:35:48.180 --> 00:35:49.410
- It's really hard,

00:35:49.410 --> 00:35:54.090
and I think that it
depresses people, you know?

00:35:54.090 --> 00:35:57.879
And it scares people, because
we've positioned ourselves,

00:35:57.879 --> 00:36:00.292
you know, through all kinds of

00:36:00.292 --> 00:36:05.292
theoretical and philosophical
and religious constructs

00:36:05.790 --> 00:36:08.670
to see ourselves as the
center of everything, right?

00:36:08.670 --> 00:36:10.645
Because, God created us.

00:36:10.645 --> 00:36:12.811
Well, God created all of it.

00:36:13.740 --> 00:36:16.290
But when you're seeing
this huge time span

00:36:16.290 --> 00:36:18.450
when the Earth was
working out, you know,

00:36:18.450 --> 00:36:23.450
its climatic balance,
and it gets to this point

00:36:23.475 --> 00:36:26.090
and then life can begin.

00:36:27.480 --> 00:36:30.450
It has been able to
create life not once,

00:36:30.450 --> 00:36:33.614
but a couple of times, right?

00:36:33.614 --> 00:36:37.200
[contemplative
instrumental music]

00:36:37.200 --> 00:36:39.558
And then we turn up.

00:36:41.280 --> 00:36:42.788
Did you get the proportion here?

00:36:44.220 --> 00:36:46.405
We're a speck.

00:36:47.477 --> 00:36:49.290
We're a speck.

00:36:49.290 --> 00:36:53.940
And yet, we do have importance.

00:36:53.940 --> 00:36:57.150
Look how much work
went into making us.

00:36:57.150 --> 00:36:59.460
You know, I like
to see it that way.

00:36:59.460 --> 00:37:00.690
- [Rebecca] We're worth saving.

00:37:00.690 --> 00:37:03.281
- Well, I certainly think so.

00:37:05.299 --> 00:37:08.907
[contemplative
instrumental music]

00:37:22.680 --> 00:37:26.213
[contemplative
instrumental music]

00:37:31.620 --> 00:37:35.190
- [Rebecca] As our time
here is coming to a close,

00:37:35.190 --> 00:37:37.803
how are you feeling about
leaving your children?

00:37:38.880 --> 00:37:42.450
- It's terrifying, you know.

00:37:42.450 --> 00:37:45.000
I mean, I did try
as hard as I did

00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:47.793
just to have more time with them.

00:37:49.557 --> 00:37:52.530
You know, if it were on my
own, if I didn't have them,

00:37:52.530 --> 00:37:56.220
I'd have said, "Hey,
it's been a fabulous life."

00:37:56.220 --> 00:37:58.045
It really has.

00:38:00.060 --> 00:38:01.560
I mean, it's so frightening

00:38:01.560 --> 00:38:03.467
to be leaving your babies behind.

00:38:07.789 --> 00:38:12.056
[gentle choral singing]

00:38:19.057 --> 00:38:22.398
[windchimes clinking]
[gentle choral singing]

00:38:40.140 --> 00:38:42.606
[traffic noise]

00:38:45.623 --> 00:38:48.639
[rocket booster firing]
[child laughing faintly]

00:38:53.172 --> 00:38:56.080
[percussive rhythm]
[gentle choral singing]

00:38:56.080 --> 00:38:59.580
[Constance speaking indistinctly]

00:39:04.836 --> 00:39:08.536
[indistinct voices]
[gentle choral singing]

00:39:18.854 --> 00:39:21.437
[clattering percussion]

00:39:23.705 --> 00:39:26.238
[train rattling]

00:39:28.303 --> 00:39:31.803
[Constance speaking indistinctly]

00:39:34.998 --> 00:39:37.748
[child laughing]

00:39:40.667 --> 00:39:44.158
[gentle choral singing]

00:39:45.531 --> 00:39:48.264
[chicken clucking] [dog barking]

00:39:51.762 --> 00:39:53.160
- [Rebecca] Maybe
what humans really need

00:39:53.160 --> 00:39:57.270
is to feel wonder about
this planet, about each other,

00:39:57.270 --> 00:39:59.463
about being alive at all.

00:40:00.750 --> 00:40:03.660
You're like the ultimate mother.

00:40:03.660 --> 00:40:06.540
The personal mother,
creating safety and security

00:40:06.540 --> 00:40:10.950
for your children, but also
this architectural mother.

00:40:10.950 --> 00:40:12.840
I mean, you're working
to secure the future

00:40:12.840 --> 00:40:15.000
for an entire planet.

00:40:15.000 --> 00:40:18.150
You've got these two ships
and you're like, "Let's go."

00:40:18.150 --> 00:40:21.360
- Well, I mean,
they're not two ships.

00:40:21.360 --> 00:40:23.468
Ones on the other one.

00:40:25.170 --> 00:40:27.903
You know, one's entirely
dependent on the other one.

00:40:29.670 --> 00:40:32.453
And what we're trying to
do is to keep our kids alive.

00:40:54.693 --> 00:40:58.968
[bell tone resonating]

00:41:19.574 --> 00:41:23.974
[gentle ambient music]