WEBVTT

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When one talks about
dictatorship, little is said

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about what the indigenous
people went through in that period.

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\"So, Indians were against dictatorship?\"
No, they weren\'t against dictatorship,

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the dictatorship was against the Indians.

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They reacted to the invasions
promoted by occupation policies

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in their lands

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There are cases in which
dynamite was thrown

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on the indigenous communities,
to annihilate the people.

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There are cases in which
they threw... clothes from planes

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contaminated clothes, with viruses.

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I mean, that is an annihilation policy,

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extermination of those populations.

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Indians, numerically, were the
biggest victims of military dictatorship.

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Dead and missing, right?

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No one knows thenothing of many of them.

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No one knows what happened to those people.

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We must love God,

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and if we do not love God,
we must fear God,

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so as those who do not love the revolution,

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or the situation which was imposed,

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must at least fear it,

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for we shall know, if necessary,
how to impose it.

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When a group takes the power,

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and that was the
military dictatorship, here,

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saying “now we are going to
establish the good in this country,

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no more mess, no more communism,
no more classes struggle,

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no more peasant riots.

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We are the defenders of law
and order, we are with God,

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for the family, for liberty...”
that whole thing

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that happened in the 1960\'s.

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Then, it is easy to begin, there is
no more limit for the practice of evil.

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Abusing the others,

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that is,

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to allow yourself

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to violate the other\'s body,

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whether by raping, whether...

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by murdering,

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whether by enslaving in work,

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this is a form of enjoyment.
When one is authorized

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to do it and think they
have the right to do it,

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when that door is open

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it is hard to close it.

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In 1967, Albuquerque
Lima brought a Public Inquiry

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to investigate the irregularities
committed by the SPI agents,

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for, at the time, there was
an avalanche of denunciations,

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in the press.

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Because many massacres were
committed not even by employees,

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there could even be connivance
or omission of employees,

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but they were committed by
farmers, by rubber extractors...

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The end of the SPI was a huge scandal

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which resulted of that Figueiredo Report

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who was the former
prosecutor, Jader Figueiredo,

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who went from inspectorate to inspectorate

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and started to see what was happening.

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That commission was accompanied by
agents of the Nacional Information Service,

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it went through a part of
the country, not everywhere

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went through some ethnicities,

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very few ones,

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but came to impressive
conclusions about abuse, torture, etc.

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Malpractices of the officers.

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And SPI is for the
Indians protection, right?

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But they never protected
the Indians, right?

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They only punished them.

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They took women, men,

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young women,

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tied them here,

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put them here,

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and then formed a circle,

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the arms were tied back there

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and the person here. Sometimes even naked.

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The attitude was always savage.

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In the worst sense of the
word, not in the good sense.

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In the sense attributed
to the Indian, right?

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In the sense of brutal, irrational,
of disrespect to the other,

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of undiscriminated violence, etc.

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First,

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they took a stick,

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put their legs, tight...

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I even remember, my mother...
They have tied my mother\'s legs.

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My mother cried, with
her leg tied here, look.

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Tied to the stick, the wood.

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In 67, Albuquerque Lima,

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Jader Figueiredo,
gave a press conference

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in which they disclosed the
progress of the investigations

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and also the conclusive report.

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It was even considered the scandal
of the century by the press, at the time.

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Albuquerque Lima, when he began to
be pressured by the international press,

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Itamaraty was forced
to produce an explanation,

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for why Brazil was practicing genocide

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and massacre of tribes and torture,

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he said that actually he
brought the inquiry commission

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with the purpose of moralizing.

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the Figueiredo Report,

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it is an instrument,

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mainly to us, operators of the Law,

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which reinforced the need
of the Brazilian government

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of acknowledging such rights
which have been historically denied,

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even the indigenous people, right,

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as subjects of the law.

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Within the Terenas areas,
we had several violations,

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since crimes against
the indigenous heritage,

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land lease,

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concessions of indigenous lands,

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appropriation of indigenous income.

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of all that capital which was produced
inside the indigenous communities...

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But also cases of physical violence.

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Many things happened at that time.

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At that time, who ruled
were the men in uniform.

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It was not any little man.

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If they were not strong men,

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they would have not been able
to do such things with the Indians.

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At that time of the
SPI, the Bananal village

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was considered the
biggest in the region,

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with the biggest population,

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there was much activity of the SPI.
Things happened there.

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Those in uniform repressed the Indians
and did not let us work.

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When the Indians fought,
they sent us somewhere else.

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They separated the Indians.

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Here, at the time, the rule was
strict. The person who did wrong,

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immediately... Was arrested.

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Or transported outside.

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Even I was arrested here too.

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Have you ever been arrested?
- I have been arrested here.

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There were also cases
of people who were

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tied, that is, when
they were not arrested...

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Yes, depending on the mistake, of the....

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the police chiefs, where they
were, what they were doing,

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if they did not turn
themselves in, they

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were taken right away
to be tied on the pole

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until sunrise, and then
they decided what to do.

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Did they sleep tied?
- Yes...

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Everyone who was denunciated as
hunting in lands of neighbor farmers,

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was immediately arrested.

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Every indigenous land
here in Mato Grosso do Sul

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had a small jail behind the post,
where people were arrested for such acts.

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The biggest statistics
regarding the imprisoning,

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had to do with trespassing
what was delimited,

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to use their land, which was
under the hands of a farmer.

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And that was what it was all about.

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This here is the cemetery,
if you try to find something...

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If you dig here, there are
bones of the ancestors.

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All here.

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Here are the people who, for instance,
died in there and was buried here.

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And even when there were
the relatives living in the farm,

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every day of the dead, every year, they
came to light candles for their relatives.

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And after they changed the farmers,
then they did not let anyone in anymore.

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They did not let anyone in and ended
up destroying, to prevent the entrance.

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And now it\'s been...

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Two, three years, right?
Since the repossession?

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That you and Mrs. Abelinda are living here?

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Actually, the repossessions
are a process of expansion

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and recovery of the territories
which were lost, right?

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And that loss was followed by expropriation
in the notary\'s offices, even,

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currently protected by the sacred
mantle of the right of property,

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which us... Which is what one claims,
that the property is not respected,

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but, since this became a property, very
few mention it and few touch the subject,

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that it was the fruit of a violation of
the indigenous territories in the past.

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Because who had the duty of
protecting the Indians was allied

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to those who had the interest
of appropriating their lands.

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The Indians, at that time, were governed.

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The report makes it very clear

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how such local families were
part of the State\'s political elite,

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they took possession of that territory,

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how they exploited those territories, from,

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for instance, the wood extraction,

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the implementation of those
farms, of the slave Indian labor...

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The indigenous were enslaved and
had to work in those farms around,

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where is our ancestral territory.

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The SPI created an
internal police in the village.

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When a relative raised, questioned,
they were intimidated by the SPI

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The SPI, also, commanded the captain,

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Thus ending the strength
of the indigenous policy

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it disrespected the indigenous culture

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when we were submitted as an army
within the indigenous communities.

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When our caciques (chiefs) and
leadership remember the times of the SPI,

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they remember a time when the
Brazilian State was very omissive

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in the defense of such rights,

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and, also, a time in which to live
in the community was not easy,

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considering the relationship
with the chief of the post,

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who was an officer who generally
went to live inside such reserves,

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and it was him and his wife who were
responsible for the work in the village,

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for the education in the village,

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for several other government actions
present in the indigenous communities.

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There was a time in which
there was a chief, some Zeca guy,

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José... José was his name, right?
- José...

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His wife was the owner of the
classroom and went somewhere,

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inside the house,

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she would come only at noon...

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At the time to send us home.

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When the boss just got there,

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he asked what was written,

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“Oh, Mr. Zeca, I don\'t know”

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And man, he would come with a gun.

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The boss?
- Wow, the boss…

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I remember as if it was today,
a white gun...

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He would come with a gun.

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“Boom”, he would shoot
in the face, you know?

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He would tell you to kneel on rocks,
small like that.

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He did not like anyone
speaking the Terena language.

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Even that Zé

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would not take, you know...

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If the indigenous insisted,

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in speaking the Terena
language, what happened to them?

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Ah, for sure they were...

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Arrested, right?

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Were they used to be punished?

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It was hard. Well, Sir, it was not easy.

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In 1967, the records we have is that

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with the elaboration of that report

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the SPI was then extinguished

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and the FUNAI,
National Indian Foundation, was created.

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Actually, from the practical
point-of-view, not much was changed.

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The FUNAI, created in 1967,

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exactly due to the
deterioration of everything bad

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produced by the SPI, you know,

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the disaster as an indigenist
policy agency in Brazil.

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As a consequence of the
publishing of the report,

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within the judiciary sphere,
they open the procedures,

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within the executive sphere, they
create investigation commissions,

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they dismiss the people
connected to the agency.

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Then, the 1968 Inquiry
Commission is opened,

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the Inquiry Commission of 1968.

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When they invited me
to advise the commission,

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I established one condition,

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which was that of hearing the Indians.

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We traveled to the indigenous villages,

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because it was important to change
that type of treatment of the question,

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to listen to the subject of the story.

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We were able to inform you that

00:18:43.751 --> 00:18:46.167
in the north of the country,

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in the northeast of the country,

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the reductions were even greater.

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Where we could have enrolled, for instance,

00:18:56.876 --> 00:18:58.918
5 thousand Indians,

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we found

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one hundred, if as many, and all dying.

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Starving to death, cornered,

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seized by the invaders,

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who even limit the capability
of hunting and fishing.

00:19:14.083 --> 00:19:16.792
When the AI5 was granted,

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a cut happens in all of that.

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Either the Revolution continues,

00:19:22.459 --> 00:19:24.959
or the Revolution is dismantled.

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And then...

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the Brazilian government

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does not forward the investigations
which could dig deeper,

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the procedures went to the justice.

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And then you have a situation

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that the Inquiry Commission extinguishes.

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80% of the commission was revoked.

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Those documents, now available, show

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that the military
government had access to

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those information, they
knew about the mistakes,

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and, the first thing, it
was not made public,

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because there was a
policy of covering that reality.

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I am convinced, by looking at the
documents and listening to the people,

00:20:14.167 --> 00:20:18.083
the survivors, that there was
an official covering system,

00:20:18.083 --> 00:20:21.876
of all problems which generated
a great mortality of Indians

00:20:21.876 --> 00:20:23.876
in the inner parts of Brazil.

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This system was a protection
created by the Regime

00:20:27.584 --> 00:20:30.000
in order not to be the
target of foreign campaigns,

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Because, in Brazil, there was a
control of the means of communication.

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The international repercussion,

00:20:38.834 --> 00:20:40.918
it became fiercer,

00:20:40.918 --> 00:20:45.209
then they started a work

00:20:45.209 --> 00:20:47.667
we call Operation Muffling.

00:20:47.667 --> 00:20:51.334
You have the action of the
Ministry of Foreign Matters

00:20:51.334 --> 00:20:54.667
using the Park of the Xingu

00:20:54.667 --> 00:20:58.292
as a showcase

00:20:58.292 --> 00:21:01.250
to show the international society,

00:21:01.250 --> 00:21:07.876
and all of that is a lie, there were
journalists, the king of Sweden,

00:21:07.876 --> 00:21:10.918
a lot of people came to the Xingu,

00:21:10.918 --> 00:21:16.667
to see the Indians dancing, how
the Indians were well-treated...

00:21:26.292 --> 00:21:31.500
Another axis unfolding of that is the
creation of the Indigenous Rural Guard,

00:21:31.500 --> 00:21:35.542
which was sold to foreigners as

00:21:35.542 --> 00:21:38.459
a guard to defend the territories,

00:21:38.459 --> 00:21:41.500
which would take care of that
relationship with the society,

00:21:41.500 --> 00:21:44.459
so the Indian is not harmed...

00:21:45.375 --> 00:21:47.500
So, a military,

00:21:47.500 --> 00:21:51.167
who was not even from the
army, he was a Police Officer,

00:21:51.167 --> 00:21:55.667
Captain Pinheiro, was
training the so-called

00:21:55.667 --> 00:21:57.751
rural indigenous guards.

00:21:57.751 --> 00:22:01.459
They were taken from their society

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to be trained in a school of repression.

00:22:06.626 --> 00:22:09.000
They were formed, encouraged,

00:22:09.000 --> 00:22:12.375
paid a salary and whatever else, to act

00:22:12.375 --> 00:22:15.500
exactly against the cultures

00:22:15.500 --> 00:22:19.167
in which they were born and created.

00:22:27.959 --> 00:22:32.083
Thus, the Indigenous
Rural Guard was created.

00:22:32.083 --> 00:22:35.083
Then, every village had three elements,

00:22:35.167 --> 00:22:39.167
chosen in the leadership of the
community, indicated by the village captain

00:22:39.250 --> 00:22:41.918
who were sons of the
most numerous families,

00:22:41.959 --> 00:22:46.167
who had the chance of ascending
compared to the others of that village.

00:22:46.167 --> 00:22:50.042
They, then, did that patrol in their...

00:22:50.042 --> 00:22:53.375
They were in charge of observing

00:22:53.626 --> 00:22:56.000
every movement inside the village.

00:22:56.250 --> 00:22:58.430
If someone was going
out, how things were

00:22:58.442 --> 00:23:01.000
there, and to maintain
the regime well-informed.

00:23:01.167 --> 00:23:03.959
They were there as a
priority of the military police

00:23:03.959 --> 00:23:06.876
To help protecting that village.

00:23:07.417 --> 00:23:12.209
Revolver 38... We were conscious

00:23:12.667 --> 00:23:15.792
if the Indian was prepared
to be able to perform the function,

00:23:15.792 --> 00:23:18.792
if we could trust them,

00:23:18.792 --> 00:23:22.042
I purchased the weapons
and placed on his waist.

00:23:22.125 --> 00:23:24.500
I was called insane at the time.

00:23:27.250 --> 00:23:30.876
They learned how to use firearms,

00:23:33.083 --> 00:23:35.083
...how to make an arrest

00:23:35.417 --> 00:23:38.584
how to conduct a prisoner,

00:23:38.584 --> 00:23:42.083
And also learned horse riding.

00:24:22.459 --> 00:24:25.292
At the time... At the time,

00:24:25.292 --> 00:24:28.167
In the Krenak Reformatory,

00:24:28.167 --> 00:24:32.042
some of those accultured
Indians were detained.

00:24:32.500 --> 00:24:34.500
We, initially in the Krenak..

00:24:35.459 --> 00:24:41.167
We had at the Krenak, at some
point, from 30 to 35 delinquent Indians.

00:24:41.167 --> 00:24:43.709
of several tribes of Brazil.

00:24:43.792 --> 00:24:46.292
We received Indians from Carajás
which were a different people...

00:24:46.626 --> 00:24:49.751
There were Indians there
from Mato Grosso, Kaiowá...

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:55.417
all Indians of other tribes
not belonging to Minas Gerais.

00:24:55.417 --> 00:24:59.667
The military police only coordinated
the action of that work there.

00:25:02.125 --> 00:25:07.209
My grandfather was even dragged
on the horse of some military, here.

00:25:07.209 --> 00:25:10.375
Tied by his feet, because...

00:25:10.375 --> 00:25:12.626
He had gotten out of the village.

00:25:12.626 --> 00:25:17.375
They called that wandering,
jaywalking, you know?

00:25:20.626 --> 00:25:23.584
There are lots of things that
the books don\'t say, you know?

00:25:23.584 --> 00:25:28.000
There are also many things which
are not to be told, not to be recorded.

00:25:28.000 --> 00:25:31.709
And that stayed in the memory of
our people, this is passed along to us...

00:25:31.709 --> 00:25:33.751
From father to son.

00:25:33.751 --> 00:25:37.542
And our generation still
have those bad memories.

00:25:47.626 --> 00:25:53.834
That deletion comes exactly to
benefit that class of the elites, you know?

00:25:53.834 --> 00:25:56.709
To make such violations invisible,

00:25:56.709 --> 00:25:59.918
not to acknowledge such rights,

00:25:59.918 --> 00:26:02.459
is also a racist practice.

00:26:04.250 --> 00:26:08.334
And even to talk about racism,
regarding the indigenous people,

00:26:08.334 --> 00:26:10.667
is a issue which was made invisible

00:26:10.667 --> 00:26:13.042
by part of the Brazilian society.

00:26:13.042 --> 00:26:15.250
Much respect is owed,

00:26:15.250 --> 00:26:17.542
respect for the native peoples.